(1) Meta-analysis (T/F)
A) Is a statistical method of combining data from different systematic reviews
B) Cannot be undertaken effectively without a systematic review
C) Cannot be performed if there are no randomized trials
D) Should not exclude any published studies
E) Should not include any un-published studies
F) Must include all published and un-published studies
G) Is typically used to assess the power of a randomized trial
H) Should not include studies that did not have sufficient power to detect the effect of interest
I) Results are typically displayed in a forest plot
J) Results may be displayed in a funnel plot
(2) A systematic review (T/F)
A) Cannot be undertaken without a meta-analysis
B) Cannot be undertaken if there are no randomized trials
C) Uses methodology that reduces the effects of bias
D) Should only include published peer-reviewed studies
E) Can include un-published studies
F) Should not exclude any published studies
Requires a pre-defined literature search strategy
(3) A funnel plot (T/F)
A) Is used to display the results of a systematic review
B) Is used to display the results of a meta-analysis
C) Is used to test for publication bias
D) Is used to determine the statistical power in a randomized trial
E) If asymmetric, would suggest that the meta-analysis may have missed some studies
F) Typically has sample size on the y-axis
Typically has effect size on the x-axis
(4) A forest plot (T/F)
A) Is typically used to display the results of a meta-analysis
B) Is typically used to display the data in a systematic review
C) Is used to test for bias
D) Is used to determine if a randomized trial had sufficient statistical power
E) Shows the results of meta-analysis displayed as a dot or square
F) Is used to test for heterogeneity in studies used for a meta-analysis
(5) Low transverse abdominal incisions (T/F)
A) Are associated with less blood loss compared to the mid-line incision
B) Are associated with a lower risk of haematoma compared to the mid-line incision
C) Are easier to extend compared to the mid-line incision
D) Have a higher risk of nerve injury compared to the mid-line incision
E) Are easier to perform under local anaesthesia compared to the mid-line incision
F) Require more tissue dissection compared to the mid-line incision
G) Allow more rapid access into the abdominal cavity compared to the mid-line incision
H) Are typically closed using single layer mass closure
(6) – (7)
A) 2-3 cm above the pubic symphysis
B) 3-8 cm above the pubic symphysis
C) 8-10 cm below the umbilicus
D) 2-3 cm below the pubic symphysis
E) 2-3 cm below the level of the anterior superior iliac spines
(6) Which is the most appropriate location for the Pfannestiel incision?
(7) Which is the most appropriate location for the Joel-Cohen incision?
(8) The Pfannestiel incision (T/F)
A) Provides excellent exposure to the pelvic side-wall
B) The rectus sheath is divided close to the mid-line with a scalpel then extended by blunt dissection
C) The superficial epigastric vessels are typically encountered on the medial border of rectus abdominis
D) The rectus abdominis muscle is divided transversely to gain access to the posterior rectus sheath
E) The peritoneal cavity is entered through the linea alba
(9) Compared to the Pfannestiel incision, the Joel-Cohen incision is associated with
A) Higher post-operative morbidity
B) Longer operating time
C) Higher risk of post-operative pyrexia
D) Higher post-operative analgesic requirements
E) Longer hospital stay
F) Less post-operative pain
G) Increased risk of bladder injury
H) Lower estimated blood loss
10) The physiological effects of laparoscopic surgery include (T/F)
A) A rise in cardiac output at intra-abdominal pressures of 20-25 mmHg
B) A fall in systemic vascular resistance
C) A reduction in vital capacity
D) An increase in functional residual capacity
E) A fall in mean arterial pressure
F) An increase in venous return at intra-abdominal pressures of 20-25 mmHg
G) A 25% increase in heart rate
H) An increase in intracranial pressure
I) An increase in cerebral blood flow
J) A fall in pulmonary vascular resistance
K) An increase in renal blood flow
L) A reduction in urine output
M) An increase in splanchnic blood flow
N) An increase in hepatic blood flow
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